Advances in Metallic Nano-Pesticides: Synthesis, Mechanisms, Applications, Safety, and Future Perspectives

Metallic nano-pesticides have emerged as a promising technology in modern agriculture, offering improved efficacy, reduced environmental impact, and potential applications in precision agriculture. This review provides a comprehensive overview of metallic nano-pesticides, covering their synthesis methods, mechanisms of action, applications in pest and disease control, and ecological safety concerns. The synthesis section explores physical, chemical, and biological approaches, highlighting their respective advantages and limitations. The antimicrobial effects of metallic nanoparticles are analyzed in terms of their interaction with microbial membranes, ion release, and photocatalytic activity. Their applications as fungicides, insecticides, and herbicides are discussed, emphasizing their role in combating pesticide resistance and enhancing agricultural productivity. However, concerns regarding their environmental fate, bioaccumulation, and potential toxicity to soil microbiota and plants are critically examined. Finally, future perspectives on integrating nano-pesticides with smart agricultural technologies, risk assessment frameworks, and sustainable synthesis strategies are discussed, underscoring their potential to drive the transition toward eco-friendly and high-efficiency agricultural systems.