Insect pest management of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) in hydroponics

AbstractThis review paper examines the common pests found in hydroponic lettuce systems, their ecological impact, and effective pest management strategies. Key pests identified include aphids, whiteflies, thrips, and fungus gnats, which negatively affect plant growth, quality, and yield. Various pest management strategies, including biological control, integrated pest management (IPM), environmental manipulation, and organic pesticides, are discussed, highlighting their effectiveness and limitations. Furthermore, sustainable pest management approaches, with an emphasis on ecological balance and minimal pesticide use, are recommended.