Haematological Effects of NSAIDs: Microscopic Changes in Blood Cell Morphology Following Ibuprofen, Piroxicam, and Diclofenac Administration in Albino Rats

Although NSAIDs are widely used to treat pain and inflammation, little is known about how these medications may alter the shape of blood cells. Despite their widespread use, little is known about the precise effect of NSAIDs on blood cell structure. The aim of this study was to investigate how blood cell shape is affected by common pain and inflammation drugs, particularly Ibuprofen, Piroxicam, and Diclofenac. Developing suitable overdose measures and improving personal safety may be made easier with a thorough grasp of these impacts. The cross-sectional investigation was conducted at the Rivers State University animal house in Rivers State, Nigeria, using 40 albino wistar rats. 400 mg of ibuprofen, 400 mg of diclofenac, and 20 mg of piroxicam were administered in varying dosages to the rats. The eight groups of rats, each containing five Wistar albino rats weighing between 80 and 100mg were created. Rats weighing less were administered a single drug, but rats weighing more were administered multiple drugs. It was simpler to get blood samples by heart puncture when under chloroform anaesthesia. Samples of blood were placed on glass slides, treated with methanol, stained with Leishman stain, allowed to air dry, and then viewed under a microscope at different magnifications. SPSS version 27 was used for the statistical analysis, and a significance level of p≤0.05 was applied. The findings showed notable variations across the experimental groups. The red cell line was shown to be significantly impacted, as evidenced by shrinkage, target cell presence, and ovalocyte occurrence. Furthermore, a decrease in staining intensity was noted. Platelets showed a marked decrease in staining intensity, but the white cell line showed little effect. Microscopic analysis indicated substantial changes in the red cell line, including variations in size, stain retention, and the presence of ovalocytes and codocytes. White cell line changes were characterized by slight strangulation in the nucleus of some neutrophils and a hypochromic presentation in monocytes. Platelets were slightly impacted, indicating just an alteration in staining intensity. The study reveals that ibuprofen, diclofenac, and piroxicam significantly alter red and white blood cell morphology and platelet presence, potentially altering clotting mechanisms, immunological response, and oxygen transport. Combinations can cause erythrocyte alterations, potentially causing anemia, immunological dysfunction, and bleeding disorders. Further research is needed to understand these effects.