Reconstruction of ancient craftsmanship techniques during the Xiongnu-Xianbei period, based on the analysis of bone tools found at the Chultukov Log-9 site in Altai

The paper presents the results of research on bone artifacts from the Maima culture settlement of Chultukov Log-9. The site is dated to the Xiongnu-Xianbei period, specifically from the 3rd to the first half of the 6th century AD; its estimated area is around 5,000 square meters. The research involved the examination of 42 objects and the collection of 7,540 movable artifacts, of which approximately 4800 were made of bone. The site also revealed evidence of an advanced bone craft industry, evident not only in numerous bone and antler objects but also in the substantial accumulation of semi-finished products, waste materials, and tools used by craftsmen. Some of them were thoroughly examined in the presented paper, both based on literature, including ethnographic analogies, and through experimental replication of artifacts and their use. As a result, information was obtained regarding the possible applications of such tools as the U-shaped tools made from pelvis bones, spindle whorl, the tool made from deer scapula and the object made from the horse navicular bone. Bone tools continued to dominate in many crafts in southern Siberia during the late Iron Age (Xiongnu-Xianbei period). Experimental studies clearly demonstrate the validity of adhering to such traditions. Horse bones played a significant role as they provided material for tools used in various branches of traditional craftsmanship.