Density, Viscosity, and Refractive Index of Ternary Mixtures of <scp>d</scp>-Glucose in the Presence of Aqueous 2-Hydroxyethylammonium Acetate Protic Ionic Liquids at Different Temperature Range from 288.15 to 318.15 K

The density, viscosity, and refractive index of ternary mixtures comprising d-glucose, water, and the protic ionic liquids (2-hydroxyethyl)ammonium acetate [2-HEA]Ac, bis(2-hydroxyethyl)ammonium acetate [BHEA]Ac, and tris(2-hydroxyethyl)ammonium acetate [THEA]Ac were determined across a temperature range of 298.15 to 318.15 K. The data have been used to calculate the apparent molar volume (Vφ) and standard partial molar expansibility (Eφ0). The standard partial molar volume (Vφ0) measured over the studied temperature range indicates that the solute–solvent interaction between [2-HEA]Ac and d-glucose in the presence of water is 125.419 cm3 mol–1. Notably, this interaction is stronger than those observed with the other two protic ionic liquids examined in the study. Additionally, the viscosity B-coefficient was determined by utilizing the Jones–Dole equation, providing further insights into solute–solvent interactions and viscosity properties. Also, the molar refraction (RM) was calculated by using the Lorentz–Lorenz equation. For further investigating the interactions governing the studied systems, the conductor-like screening model (COSMO) analysis was employed, revealing that the more negative dielectric energy of [2-HEA]Ac compared to the other PILs indicated stronger interactions between [2-HEA]Ac and d-glucose. These findings suggest that [2-HEA]Ac has a stronger interaction with d-glucose than other protic ionic liquids.