Barriers to Building Information Modeling (BIM) Implementation in Late-Adopting EU Countries: The Case of Portugal

Adopting building information modeling (BIM) within the architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) industry presents an opportunity to tackle persistent challenges, such as chronic productivity deficits and emerging imperatives like sustainability. However, BIM implementation (BIMI) across European Union (EU) countries diverges due to different contexts and the complexity of BIM. This study aims to identify the main barriers to BIMI and recommend effective mitigation measures in Portugal, a late-adopting EU country. Initially, 28 BIMI barriers were identified through a literature review. Experts in a Delphi survey then selected 15 critical barriers. An interpretive structural modeling (ISM) model was developed with input from a focus group to clarify the hierarchical relationships among barriers, and an impact matrix cross-reference multiplication applied to a classification (MICMAC) analysis was performed to evaluate the barriers’ driving and dependence powers. The resulting main barriers to BIMI include a lack of evaluation mechanisms, ignorance of BIM benefits, a shortage of skilled professionals, limited experience and cooperation, resistance to change, and inadequate top management support. Finally, experts in a second focus group developed mitigation measures to address the main barriers while ensuring the measures affect the entire barrier system. These findings will assist researchers, policymakers, and practitioners in late-adopter EU countries in addressing these barriers effectively.