A Hybrid Attention Framework Integrating Channel–Spatial Refinement and Frequency Spectral Analysis for Remote Sensing Smoke Recognition

In recent years, accelerated global climate change has precipitated an increased frequency of wildfire events, with their devastating impacts on ecological systems and human populations becoming increasingly significant. Satellite remote sensing technology, leveraging its extensive spatial coverage and real-time monitoring capabilities, has emerged as a pivotal approach for wildfire early warning and comprehensive disaster assessment. To effectively detect subtle smoke signatures while minimizing background interference in remote sensing imagery, this paper introduces a novel dual-branch attention framework (CSFAttention) that synergistically integrates channel–spatial refinement with frequency spectral analysis to aggregate smoke features in remote sensing images. The channel–spatial branch implements an innovative triple-pooling strategy (incorporating average, maximum, and standard deviation pooling) across both channel and spatial dimensions to generate complementary descriptors that enhance distinct statistical properties of smoke representations. Concurrently, the frequency branch explicitly enhances high-frequency edge patterns, which are critical for distinguishing subtle textural variations characteristic of smoke plumes. The outputs from these complementary branches are fused through element-wise summation, yielding a refined feature representation that optimizes channel dependencies, spatial saliency, and spectral discriminability. The CSFAttention module is strategically integrated into the bottleneck structures of the ResNet architecture, forming a specialized deep network specifically designed for robust smoke recognition. Experimental validation on the USTC_SmokeRS dataset demonstrates that the proposed CSFResNet achieves recognition accuracy of 96.84%, surpassing existing deep networks for RS smoke recognition.