Integration and Comparative Analysis of COPERT and HBEFA Emission Models Coupled with the BIDIM-GSOM Traffic Model for Large-Scale Networks

In this study, we provide a comprehensive review of the integration of emission estimation models with traffic flow models within the context of environmental sustainability concerns. We specifically focus on the utilization of macroscopic traffic models, emphasizing the BIDIM-GSOM model. Additionally, we compare the integration of BIDIM-GSOM with two emission estimation approaches: the average-speed based model (COPERT) and the traffic situation based model Handbook Emission Factors for Road Transport (HBEFA), at a significant urban scale in Marne-la-Vallée and on the A4 highway in France. This comparison is focalized on NOx, CO, and CO2 pollutants. Our results indicate that both COPERT and HBEFA models tend to overestimate NOx emissions, with COPERT performing better in urban environments such as Marne-la-Vallée, while HBEFA shows better applicability on the A4 highway due to its detailed consideration of traffic conditions. These outcomes highlight the critical influence of input data quality on emission estimates. The results are promising, and further investigations will be undertaken to refine and enhance the accuracy of the estimations.