Broadband and efficient third-harmonic generation from black phosphorus–hybrid plasmonic metasurfaces in the mid-infrared
Black phosphorus (BP), with a mid-infrared (MIR) bandgap of 0.34 eV, presents itself as a promising material for MIR nonlinear optical applications. We report the realization of MIR third-harmonic generation (THG) in both BP and BP-hybrid plasmonic metasurfaces (BPM). BP exhibits a high third-order nonlinear susceptibility ([Formula: see text]) exceeding 10<sup>-18</sup> m<sup>2</sup>/V<sup>2</sup> in the MIR region with a maximum value of 1.55 × 10<sup>-17</sup> m<sup>2</sup>/V<sup>2</sup> at 5000 nm. The BP flake achieves a THG conversion efficiency of 1.4 × 10<sup>-5</sup>, surpassing that of other 2D materials by over one order of magnitude. To further enhance this nonlinear performance, a BPM is designed and fabricated to achieve a two-order-of-magnitude enhancement in THG, leading to a record conversion efficiency of 6.5 × 10<sup>-4</sup>, exceeding the performance of previously reported metasurfaces by more than one order of magnitude. These findings establish BP as a promising platform for next-generation MIR nonlinear optical devices.
Authors
- Tingting Wu (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4653-8493)
- Ruihuan Duan (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4999-9735)
- Dora Juan Juan Hu (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8822-3900)
- R. Murray (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3514-8374)
- Fakun Wang
- Congliao Yan (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7638-1781)
- Jieyuan Cui (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7990-1113)
- Wenduo Chen
- Yuhao Jin (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7252-002X)
- Qijie Wang (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9910-1455)
- Chongwu Wang (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9836-3464)
- Xiaodong Xu (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3419-6158)
- Xuan Mao
- Tuğba Temel (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6666-3526)
- Yu Luo (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2925-682X)
- Zheng Liu (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8825-7198)
- Jinghao Li (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2090-9401)
- Song Zhu (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4351-3482)
- Jianbo Yu
Institutions
- Agency for Science, Technology and Research (SG)
- Nanyang Technological University (SG)
- Harbin Institute of Technology (CN)
- Institute for Infocomm Research (SG)
- Imperial College London (GB)
- Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics (CN)
Publication Details
- Journal
- Science Advances
- Published
- 2025-05-14
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adt3772
- Citations
- 5
- Primary Topic
- Metamaterials and Metasurfaces Applications
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 2.14