Prognostic and diagnostic value of PVR gene and protein levels, serum amylase, and urinary IGFBP-7 and TIMP-2 biomarkers in multiple myeloma

PVR gene expression, serum amylase, and urinary IGFBP-7 are independent and robust prognostic biomarkers in MM. Their combined use enhances diagnostic accuracy and risk stratification, supporting their integration into clinical decision-making. Validation in larger, multi-center studies is recommended. Limitations include the single-center design, modest sample size, absence of disease comparator groups, and the cross-sectional nature of biomarker evaluation. These findings warrant validation in larger, multi-institutional, and longitudinal studies.