Application of spectroscopy technique in cultural heritage: systematic review and bibliometric analysis

The spectroscopy technique (ST) has emerged as a reliable and stable analytical tool for understanding cultural heritage (CH), yet existing reviews have focused on specific techniques and categories. This research fills this knowledge gap by conducting a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of Web of Science (WoS) literature from 1992 to 2024, integrating qualitative and quantitative insights to illuminate the field’s macro-evolution. Our analysis reveals a transformative journey, from an initial phase to an advanced stage, characterized by the integrated application of multi-spectral and multi-assistive techniques. This shift reflects a profound change from analyzing chemical and physical systems to molecular material characterization, now encompassing diverse heritage forms, including artifacts, murals, paintings, bronzes, stones, and crystals. The varied material properties necessitate tailored spectroscopic approaches, particularly the synergistic combination of Raman, Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) and Infrared Spectroscopies. Despite progress, challenges persist due to data availability, complexity, and uncertainty. We identify key opportunities to catalyze spectral technology upgrades and sustainable CH development: accelerating machine learning system development, enhancing Raman spectroscopy (RS) detection, and reducing operational costs. By addressing these hurdles, spectroscopy can further empower CH preservation, conservation, and understanding, ultimately enriching our cultural legacy. This study provides a foundational framework for future research, fostering collaboration and innovation at the nexus of spectroscopy and CH. Its findings will inform strategic investments, methodological refinements, and interdisciplinary dialogue, ensuring a vibrant, technologically advanced, culturally responsive heritage science.