Fabrication and Characterization of Bio-Aerogel from Mandarin Peel-Based Agricultural Waste

Abstract Natural and recyclable materials have emerged as potential solutions to environmental challenges. The growing challenges posed by waste materials, including paint pollution, demand effective solutions. Therefore, this study presents a promising approach for both the removal of waste materials and the utilization of agricultural wastes, such as mandarin peel. The aerogel sample was prepared by purifying mandarin peel to remove noncellulose components using NaOH treatment. It was then modified with Tween 80 to enhance porosity and absorption, followed by freeze drying. There are very few studies investigating the production of cellulose-derived aerogels from citrus peel extract. In this study, aerogels were obtained for the first time from mandarin peels in which gelation was facilitated only by the interaction of NaOH and pectin instead of traditional solvents, such as NaOH/urea. Various methods were used to evaluate the morphological and chemical properties of the produced aerogel. The dye (methyl orange) absorption capacity of aerogel was investigated in various organic solvents with particular emphasis on water. The average absorption capacity of aerogel in an aqueous solution was found to be 79 g/g water. Furthermore, the specific surface area of this material was calculated to be approximately 154 m 2 /g. With its high porosity, excellent absorption capacity, and derivation from natural products, this aerogel shows remarkable potential for various applications such as gas absorption, heavy metal removal, and environmental protection.