Bi ₂ WO ₆ ‐TiO ₂ carbon nanoparticles controlled postharvest blue mold of table grapes caused by <i>Talaromyces rugulosus</i> and the possible action mechanisms

ABSTRACT Talaromyces rugulosus is an important postharvest pathogenic fungus responsible for blue mold decay in table grapes, which accumulates ochratoxin A (OTA) in grapes leading to substantial economic losses and posing serious endanger to human health. Bi 2 WO 6 ‐TiO 2 carbon nanoparticles (BT‐CNPs) have been identified as a broad‐spectrum antifungal agent with excellent water solubility and non‐toxicity. This study investigates the effects of different concentrations of BT‐CNPs (50, 100, 125, 250, 500 mg L −1 ) on T. rugulosus , focusing on spore germination, mycelial growth, and cell membrane integrity. In addition, we also explored the effects of BT‐CNPs (1.25, 2.50, and 5.00 g L −1 ) on controlling blue mold caused by T. rugulosus in postharvest grapes. The results demonstrated that BT‐CNPs exhibited concentration‐dependent antifungal activity, with 125 mg L −1 significantly inhibiting mycelial growth, germ tube elongation, and spore germination. In vivo experiments revealed that 5.00 g L −1 BT‐CNPs effectively inhibited the expansion of blue mold caused by T. rugulosus , and maintained fruit quality by reducing weight loss, preserving firmness, stabilising total soluble solids (TSS) and respiration rates. These findings highlight the potential of BT‐CNPs as a sustainable and environmentally friendly alternatives for managing postharvest blue mold decay, thereby enhancing grape quality and extending shelf life.