The history of a + 3 °C future: Global and regional drivers of greenhouse gas emissions (1820–2050)

• Global & regional analysis of all GHG drivers (1820–2050) • Economic growth (+81Gt) overwhelmed efficiency gains (−31Gt) • Carbon intensity must immediately fall 3 × faster (−2.25 %/yr) to 2050. • Regional drivers: population vs affluence patterns vary sharply. • Reveals unprecedented gap between trends and climate needs. Identifying the socio-economic drivers behind greenhouse gas emissions is crucial to design mitigation policies. Existing studies predominantly analyze short-term CO 2 emissions from fossil fuels, neglecting long-term trends and other GHGs. We examine the drivers of all greenhouse gas emissions between 1820–2050 globally and regionally. The Industrial Revolution triggered sustained emission growth worldwide—initially through fossil fuel use in industrialized economies but also as a result of agricultural expansion and deforestation. Globally, technological innovation and energy mix changes prevented 31 (17–42) Gt CO 2 e emissions over two centuries. Yet these gains were dwarfed by 81 (64–97) Gt CO 2 e resulting from economic expansion, with regional drivers diverging sharply: population growth dominated in Latin America and Sub-Saharan Africa, while rising affluence was the main driver of emissions elsewhere. Meeting climate targets now requires the carbon intensity of GDP to decline 3 times faster than the global best 30-year historical rate (–2.25 % per year), which has not improved over the past five decades. Failing such an unprecedented technological change or a substantial contraction of the global economy, by 2050 global mean surface temperatures will rise more than 3 °C above pre-industrial levels.