Challenges and Trends in Brain-Computer Interface Technology

Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) technology has become one of the focal points of scientific research in the modern world. Researchers from all corners of the globe have made significant contributions to this field, driving the continuous advancement of BCI technology. By 2025, Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) technology has become a groundbreaking human-machine interaction technology, enabling communication between the human brain and the external world, no longer a fantasy from science fiction but a tangible reality. It has now been widely applied across numerous fields, including communication, movement control, environment control, neurorehabilitation, and others.This paper first presents the basic principles of brain-computer interface (BCI) technology and provides a detailed classification of BCIs. It then reviews and enumerates the latest advancements in BCI research, exploring the various steps that form a standard BCI, including signal acquisition, preprocessing, feature extraction, and the control interface, while also investigating several mathematical algorithms. The aim is to gain a deeper understanding of BCI technology. Finally, the paper concludes with a summary and outlook on the future development prospects of this technology.