Seismic Response of Masonry and Heritage Structures: Conservation Strategies, Retrofitting Techniques, and Vulnerability

The seismic safety of masonry and heritage structures is of paramount importance in earthquake-prone regions, where these buildings serve as both historical artifacts and functional spaces.Constructed using traditional techniques and regionally sourced materials, they typically lack the ductility, reinforcement, and design standards needed to endure seismic events.Their vulnerability is further amplified by material aging, construction irregularities, and inadequate maintenance over time.This review paper provides a comprehensive analysis of their seismic behaviour through the lens of vulnerability assessment methods, innovative retrofitting technologies, and conservation strategies that align with international heritage preservation guidelines.Emphasis is placed on balancing the need for structural safety with the imperative to retain cultural and architectural integrity.Real-world case studies from countries such as Italy, Nepal, and Portugal illustrate the practical application and challenges of seismic retrofitting in heritage contexts.Additionally, the paper identifies current research gaps and future directions, including the development of eco-friendly materials, integration of AI and smart monitoring systems, and the advancement of performance-based seismic design.This study aims to guide engineers, architects, and policymakers in developing sustainable, context-sensitive approaches to protect heritage masonry structures from seismic hazards.