Combating smog in Pakistan’s Kinnow industry: Nanotechnology and sustainable resource management for resilient agriculture

The Pakistani citrus industry faces numerous challenges, as air pollution from smog, compounded by the effects of climate change, threatens its continued productivity and long-term sustainability. Smog, originating from industrial pollution, vehicle exhaust, and agricultural activities, increases the susceptibility of citrus crops by reducing crop health, degrading quality, and lowering production. Climate change has led to erratic weather patterns, extreme temperature fluctuations, and unusual rainfall patterns, which cause additional stress on citrus cultivation. This review article examines the detrimental impact of smog combined with climate change on citrus farming in Pakistan, highlighting its adverse effects on crop health, product quality, and overall yield. Furthermore, it proposes various management solutions, including sustainable water resource practices, agroforestry, sustainable soil maintenance, and emerging nanotechnology applications. The application of nanotechnology has led to the development of protective coatings, smart fertilisers, and air-purifying devices, all of which show promise in improving citrus crop resilience and mitigating environmental stressors. Combining sustainable farming practices, effective natural resource management, and nanotechnology applications can enhance Pakistan's citrus industry's long-term viability and financial performance. Both government authorities and the citrus industry must actively support initiatives that equip farmers with tools to adopt sustainable farming practices.