Modelling Multilevel Predictors of Academic Entrepreneurship: Empirical Evidence across ASEAN Countries

Universities are widely recognized as educational hubs to nurture entrepreneurship.However, there is criticism that not all lecturers are entrepreneurs themselves.To better understand the phenomenon, this study attempts to examine the multi-level factors of the academic e-entrepreneurial self-efficacy.It specifically tests predictors at three levels: individual (human capital, social capital, and internet competence), organizational (university support), and country (internet infrastructure).Drawing on social cognitive and institutional theory, this study constructs several hypotheses on the direct, mediating, and moderating effects.Hierarchical regression analysis was performed on survey data gathered from 210 academics in seven ASEAN countries.The results show that both human and social capitals are positively related to academic e-entrepreneurial self-efficacy.Furthermore, the effect is channeled via internet competence.However, university support negatively moderates the relationship between individual predictors and academic e-entrepreneurship self-efficacy, while internet infrastructure exhibits no significant effect.Overall, the study contributes to the literature and practice by modelling and testing the multilevel predictors of academic entrepreneurship across countries.