Progress in the Application of Endoscopic Ultrasonography in the Diagnosis of Early Gastrointestinal Cancer

The incidence of gastrointestinal tumors is high, the malignancy degree is high, the prognosis is poor, the survival rate is very low, digestive tract early cancer is the depth of infiltration is lower than the submucosa or only in the mucosal layer of digestive tract tumors, including early esophageal cancer, early gastric cancer and early colorectal cancer. Most early cancers of the digestive tract develop from precancerous lesions to early cancers, and then evolve to middle and late stages, so the diagnosis of early cancer of the digestive tract is very important. In recent years, with the continuous development of endoscopic diagnosis and treatment technology, the diagnosis and treatment of early gastrointestinal cancer has made a qualitative leap. Early detection, early diagnosis and treatment and minimally invasive treatment have greatly improved the survival rate and quality of life of patients. Endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS), as an advanced examination method combining endoscopy and ultrasound technology, introduces an ultrasonic probe into the body through an endoscopic tube, and performs real-time ultrasonic scanning of the digestive tract under the direct vision of the endoscope, which can obtain high-resolution images and clearly display the structure of each layer of the digestive tract wall and relevant information about the lesions. EUS plays an important role in the diagnosis of early gastrointestinal cancer (esophageal cancer, gastric cancer and colorectal cancer). The accuracy of EUS in determining the depth of invasion of early esophageal cancer is 85% to 92%, and the survival rate of 5 to 10 years in patients with early gastrointestinal cancer can be increased to 92% through minimally invasive endoscopic treatment (such as ESD and EMR). Based on relevant literatures and guidelines at home and abroad, this paper reviewed the research progress and clinical decision-making value of endoscopic ultrasound in the diagnosis of early gastrointestinal cancer.