Growth Differentiation Factor-15 as a Marker for Assessment of Anemia in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients with  Type II Diabetes Mellitus

Objective: To assess the GDF-15 in conjunction with a number of biochemical markers in individuals with advanced chronic kidney disease and either type 2-diabetes or no diabetes at all. Study Design: Case-control study Place and Duration of Study: This study was conducted at the Al-Yarmouk and Baghdad Teaching Hospitals in Baghdad, Iraq from 1st January 2024 to 30th June of 2024. Methods: One hundred and fifty participants were enrolled and they were divided into three groups. One group consisted of 50 individuals with late-stage chronic kidney disease (27 men and 23 women) who also had type 2 diabetes. There were three groups: one with fifty healthy people (28 men and 22 males) and another with fifty people who were in the last stages of chronic kidney disease (24 men and 26 females) but did not have type 2 diabetes. Results: A significant difference was found in the age group of 50–59 years when comparing CKD patients (with and without T2DM) to the control group (p < 0.05), while gender distribution showed no significant variation (p > 0.05).In CKD patients with T2DM, GDF-15 correlated significantly with serum creatinine and glomerular filtration rate (GFR), whereas in CKD patients without T2DM, it was associated with iron levels (p < 0.05).ROC analysis showed that GDF-15 had a sensitivity of 97% and a specificity of 100%, highlighting its potential as a diagnostic biomarker. Conclusion: Growth differentiation factor-15 as a key factor in the development of anaemia in patients with T2DM and chronic kidney disease.