Conceptualizing Disasters and their Typologies

This paper develops a conceptual and typological framework for understanding disasters through an economic lens, distinguishing between natural and man-made events and their multifaceted impacts. Drawing on empirical evidence and historical case studies—from the 2001 Kutch earthquake to the financial crisis of 2007–08—the study explores the short- and long-term economic consequences of disasters, including output shocks, infrastructure losses, and fiscal pressures. It emphasizes the disproportionate vulnerability of developing economies and the compounding role of poverty and inequality. The paper further proposes a structured recovery model—rescue, relief, and rehabilitation—and outlines policy mechanisms for mitigating economic disruption. By integrating disaster typologies with economic analysis, the study contributes to the design of resilient, inclusive, and region-specific disaster response strategies.