Enhanced Anticancer Potential of Curcumin-Loaded Liposomal Nanoparticles in Oral Cancer Treatment

Objective: Curcumin, a naturally occurring polyphenol derived from turmeric, has demonstrated notable anticancer properties in various malignancies, including oral squamous cell carcinoma. However, its clinical application has been hampered by poor aqueous solubility and limited bioavailability. To address these challenges, we developed curcumin-loaded liposomal nanoparticles aimed at improving drug stability, enhancing solubility, and increasing cellular uptake in oral cancer cells. Methods: Liposomal nanoparticles were prepared using the thin-film hydration method, followed by characterization of particle size, zeta potential, and drug encapsulation efficiency. The anticancer potential of free curcumin versus liposomal curcumin was evaluated in oral cancer cell lines (e.g., SCC-9 and HN-5) through cell viability and cytotoxicity assays (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide, MTT). For in vitro drug release testing, the liposomal formulation containing curcumin was placed in a dialysis bag (molecular weight cutoff ~14 kDa) and immersed in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) under continuous stirring at 37°C. Results: Characterization revealed an average particle size of approximately 220 nm, a zeta potential of around -28 mV, and an encapsulation efficiency of about 82%. Compared to free curcumin, curcumin-loaded liposomes exhibited significantly enhanced antiproliferative effects in oral cancer cells, reflected by a 20% to 30% greater reduction in cell viability. Furthermore, the IC50 value for liposomal curcumin was substantially lower, highlighting its superior potency. In vitro drug release studies demonstrated a sustained release profile, with a moderate burst release observed in the initial hours, followed by a gradual release over 48 hours. Conclusion: Curcumin-loaded liposomal nanoparticles offer a promising strategy to overcome the limitations of free curcumin by increasing its aqueous solubility, stability, and targeted delivery to cancer cells. The improved therapeutic efficacy and reduced off-target toxicity underscore the potential of this nanocarrier system as an effective treatment modality for oral cancer.