Bone organoid 3D bioprinting: Construction and application in bone regeneration

Repair of critical-size bone defects remains a significant challenge. In recent years, organoid technology has emerged as a promising strategy for bone regeneration, but developing bone organoids with complex structure and function still faces many hurdles. Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting, a revolutionary additive manufacturing technology, can precisely deposit bioink layer by layer with a specific pattern to construct the required 3D structure, which provides a simpler and more efficient method for generating bone organoids. This review summarizes the 3D bioprinting strategies of bone organoids and their application in bone regeneration in order to provide a reference for future research.