Research progress on the relationship between malocclusion, maxillofacial malformation, and pronunciation

Normal and clear pronunciation usually relies on correct occlusion, while malocclusion can lead to pathological speech, making it difficult for individuals to integrate into society and daily life. For instance, incorrect pronunciation may occur in Angle Class I and II malocclusions due to uneven dental alignment, incorrect tongue placement, or improper muscle alignment. Speech flaws are primarily manifested in five consonants, including the fricatives [s] and [z], as well as the labial consonants [p], [b], and [m]. Individuals with a cleft palate often exhibit cleft palate speech, characterized by a combination of multiple pathological and compensatory speech patterns. Orthodontic treatment or surgery can improve pathological speech and pronunciation errors. This article explores the relationship between oral soft and hard tissues and pronunciation, and reviews the connection between malocclusion, maxillofacial deformities, and speech correction.