The state of hydraulic structures of hydroelectric power plants of the Dnieper cascade at example of the Dnieper HPP

The article reviews the research results of the concrete supports state of a road crossing and a concrete spillway dam of the Dnieper hydroelectric power station, which has been under the influence of natural and climatic factors for a long time (since 1932). The depth of concrete carbonation of the bulls from the side of the upper and lower bivouacs and in the upper potern was determined. The assessment of concrete strength was carried out by drilling cores and testing them in laboratory conditions. Concrete and reinforced concrete dams are one of the most common types of hydraulic structures. They are a part of most hydraulic units. The reliable and safe operation of hydroelectric power plants depends on their condition, which significantly affects the economic, ecological and social situation in the region where they are located. Dams are built in various geological conditions. Their construction is characterized by high technology, complex mechanization of works. The facts regarding the explosion of two hydroelectric power plants (DniproHES in 1941 and 1943, Kakhovka HPP in 2023, and Dnipro HPP1 and HPP-2 in 2024) are presented and an analysis of the negative consequences of the criminal destruction of Kakhovka HPP is presented. An important task of the Ukrainian hydropower industry is to ensure the safety and reliability of the operation of hydraulic structures and environmental protection. The reliability and safety of hydraulic structures, as well as environmental protection, must be ensured during operation, as well as during repair, reconstruction, conservation and liquidation. The construction of the Dnieper Cascade HPP allowed to ensure the generation of environmentally friendly peak electricity, which creates favorable conditions for the operation of the Ukrainian power system. The particularly important role of the Dnieper Cascade HPP in ensuring the reliable operation of the unified power system of Ukraine and environmental protection, as well as human health, is noted. The features of the operation of hydraulic structures and a brief description of the Dnieper HPP structures are given.