Active Constituent of HQS in T2DM Intervention: Efficacy and Mechanistic Insights

Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) is recognized for its complex composition and multiple therapeutic targets. Current pharmacological research often concentrates on extracts or individual components. The former approach faces numerous challenges, whereas the latter oversimplifies and disregards the synergistic effects of TCM components. This study aimed to address this limitation by evaluating the therapeutic efficacy and mechanisms of Huang-Qi San (HQS) active constituent (AC) against type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Active components of HQS were identified using network pharmacology and spectrum-effect correlation analysis. The reconstituted AC group was assessed both in vitro (for glucose consumption and glycogen synthesis) and in vivo (in T2DM mice), with metabolomics and molecular docking techniques used to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. Eight components exhibiting a correlation degree greater than 0.85 were identified as the representative components of HQS intervention for T2DM. These eight components were then mixed in equal proportions to produce AC. The AC group demonstrated increased glucose uptake and glycogen synthesis in vitro, surpassing both the HQS extract and individual components. In diabetic mice, AC significantly increased the insulin sensitivity, outperforming the HQS extract and matching the efficacy of metformin. Metabolomics analysis identified pentose and glucuronic acid interconversion as a critical metabolic pathway, with strong binding affinity (less than -15 kJ/mol) between AC and key enzymes. This research further substantiates the scientific validity and feasibility of emphasizing active constituents in the evaluation of TCM efficacy. Additionally, it provides a scientific foundation for the clinical application of HQS. Most importantly, this study serves as a demonstration of the development of new TCM drugs characterized by clear ingredients, safety, and effectiveness.