Reframing Social Presence for Human Robot Interaction

Social Presence (SP) is a critical factor in human-robot interaction (HRI), influencing how users perceive and engage with social robots. Traditionally, SP has been conceptualized by focusing on the user's subjective perception of a robot's social capabilities, which we label, Attributed Social Presence (ASP). However, this perspective overlooks the inherent capabilities of robots that can engender a sense of presence, which we argue can be termed, Intrinsic Social Presence (ISP). In this paper we explicitly explore and distinguish between ASP and ISP, highlighting the limitations of solely focusing on attributed user perceptions in HRI. We address the challenges associated with the conceptual ambiguity of SP, the difficulties in benchmarking due to inconsistent definitions, and the lack of research examining robot presence modulation. To overcome these issues, we propose reframing SP as a multidimensional construct encompassing three interconnected domains. By emphasizing ISP and providing a practical framework for its implementation, this paper aims to enhance the development of adaptable, responsive robots capable of meaningful engagement. This approach bridges the gap between rigid robotic behaviour and the fluid, adaptive presence characteristic of human interactions, emphasizing that genuine trust and connection are integral to the full functionality and effectiveness of social robots.