HUD-SUMO: Simulacra of in-Vehicle Head-Up Displays Using SUMO to Study Large-Scale Effects

Large-scale effects of head-up displays (HUDs) are currently unknown, as experiments focus primarily on empirical data from one participant. Therefore, we simulate the impact of augmented reality (AR) windshield HUDs on driving performance. Using the open-source simulators SUMO and CARLA, we model various AR HUD settings, such as fatigue, and assess their effects on key driving factors such as reaction time, speed adherence, lane-changing behavior, and acceleration. The HUD settings include brightness, information frequency, field of view, and relevance of displayed information. The simulation provides insight into how different HUD configurations may influence driving behavior, contributing to future vehicle design and safety guidelines for AR HUDs.