Radio-Opaque Artefacts in Digital Mammography: Automatic Detection and Analysis of Downstream Effects

This study investigates the effects of radio-opaque artefacts, such as skin markers, breast implants, and pacemakers, on mammography classification models. After manually anno-tating 22,012 mammograms from the publicly available EM-BED dataset, a robust multi-label artefact detector was de-veloped to identify five distinct artefact types (circular and triangular skin markers, breast implants, support devices and spot compression structures). Subsequent experiments on two clinically relevant tasks - breast density assessment and can-cer screening - revealed that these artefacts can significantly affect model performance, alter classification thresholds, and distort output distributions. These findings underscore the im-portance of accurate automatic artefact detection for developing reliable and robust classification models in digital mam-mography. To facilitate future research our annotations, code, and model predictions are made publicly available <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sup>.