Advances in understanding and managing knee osteoarthritis: Clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation

This comprehensive review explores the clinical presentation and diagnostic approaches of knee OA, differentiating its pathophysiology from other types of arthritis such as rheumatoid arthritis. The review synthesizes evidence on both conventional and innovative treatment methods, highlighting the roles of pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic strategies, including physical therapy, lifestyle modifications, and surgical interventions. Emphasis is placed on evidence-based rehabilitative practices, with detailed discussion on the roles of strengthening, flexibility, balance, and gait training, and the evaluation of outcome measures such as pain reduction, mobility, and quality of life. Additionally, advancements in wearable technology, robotic-assisted therapy, and tele-rehabilitation are discussed for their potential to optimize personalized treatment. By integrating clinical evidence with technological innovations, this review underscores the necessity of a patient-centered, multidisciplinary approach to managing knee OA effectively.