Mitigating Partial Shading Effects in Photovoltaic Systems Using Particle Swarm Optimization-Tuned Sliding Mode Control

The power output of a photovoltaic (PV) system is inherently dependent on climatic factors. To maximize the energy harvested from PV arrays, maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithms are employed. These algorithms dynamically adjust the operating point of the system to extract the maximum available power. However, under partial shading conditions (PSCs), conventional MPPT algorithms often fail to locate the global maximum power point, leading to suboptimal power extraction. In this study, a robust MPPT technique based on sliding mode control (SMC) is proposed to enhance tracking efficiency and optimize power extraction from PV arrays under PSC. Particle swarm optimization (PSO) is incorporated into the MPPT framework, enabling the dynamic tuning of SMC parameters for improved adaptability and performance. The proposed SMC structure is designed to regulate the duty cycle of a boost converter, ensuring effective power conversion. The system is simulated in Matlab/Simulink for various PSCs. The simulation results demonstrate that the PSO-tuned SMC methodology exhibits superior tracking performance, enabling the PV system to rapidly and accurately converge to the true MPP under varying weather and shading scenarios. The findings indicate that the proposed technique enhances the efficiency and reliability of PV energy harvesting in PSCs.