Functional and neurophysiological model for building an annual macrocycle of handball players’ training

The article presents a scientifically grounded functional and neurophysiological model for building an annual macrocycle of training for 15–16-year-old handball players at the stage of preliminary basic preparation. The model is based on the combination of principles such as wave-like dynamics of training loads, step-by-step specialization, and targeted sensorimotor and cognitive-motor adaptation. Within the experimental framework, an 8-week program was implemented, including two consecutive mesocycles (adaptation and specialization) and microcycles with different functional orientations. During the adaptation phase, the focus was on developing basic sensorimotor reactions and stabilizing the activity of the central nervous system. The specialization phase aimed to integrate sensory and cognitive-motor components into variable game situations. The model allows for a structured organization of the training process, effective regulation of the athlete’s psychophysiological state, prevention of nervous system overload, and improvement of decision-making efficiency under competitive stress. The results confirm the relevance of using this model as a basis for developing modern training programs in team sports, taking into account the age and functional characteristics of young athletes.