Elemental Analysis of Late Kushan Copper Coins from the Islamabad Museum, Pakistan, Using X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) Spectroscopy

Archaeometallurgy examines the manufacture, practice, and technical development of ancient metals. This investigation middles on the elemental analysis of Late Kushan copper coins from Pakistan, applying X-ray fluorescence (XRF) Spectroscopy, a non-destructive method to discover their metallurgical alignment. The sample consisted of 22 Late Kushan copper coins, from the Islamabad Museum's reserve collection, chosen for comprehensive research. The main working technique was the XRF study, expected to classify alloying elements, minting approaches, and metallurgical performances from the Kushan period. The coins were generally struck relatively than cast, reflecting the invitation of modern minting methods. Elemental analysis identified notable quantities of tin, lead, and nickel. The sign of sulfide ores along with crusts such as silica, iron, and Sulphur facts to less advanced smelting methods. The coins exhibit a single-phase copper with impurities of Si, Ni, P, and Ag, as well as black inclusions of copper sulfide in the inner cores.