Modeling Structural Relationships Between Dimensions of Personal, Social, and National Identity Among Students at Islamic Azad University, Hamedan

This study investigates the relationships between personal identity, social identity, and national identity, with an emphasis on the mediating role of social identity in fostering national cohesion. Using a descriptive-correlational research design, data were collected from 373 university students through validated questionnaires: the Extended Objective Measure of Ego Identity Status (EOM-EIS) and the National and Social Identity Questionnaire. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) were employed to validate the measurement models and test the hypothesized relationships. The findings revealed significant direct and indirect effects among the identity dimensions. Social identity emerged as the strongest predictor of national identity (β = 0.58, p < .01), while personal identity indirectly influenced national identity through social identity (β = 0.29, p < .01). The total effect of personal identity on national identity was significant (β = 0.71, p < .001). CFA results confirmed the multidimensional nature of identity constructs, with high factor loadings in subdimensions such as ethnic, religious, and modern identities. The model demonstrated excellent fit indices (CFI = 0.93, RMSEA = 0.060), affirming its robustness. This study highlights the critical role of social identity in integrating individual values and affiliations into a collective national framework. The findings have practical implications for policymakers and educators aiming to strengthen national cohesion in multicultural societies through inclusive policies, educational reforms, and community-building initiatives. This research contributes to theoretical understanding of identity formation and its practical relevance for social cohesion, laying the groundwork for future studies exploring identity dynamics across diverse cultural contexts.