Level of Knowledge and Preventable Risk Factors of Congenital Malformations amongst Pregnant Mothers in India

Introduction: Congenital malformations (CMs) are a leading cause of infant morbidity and mortality worldwide, with prevalence rates varying across regions. In India, congenital anomalies contribute significantly to neonatal and under-five mortality. Understanding maternal knowledge and awareness of CMs and their preventable risk factors is crucial for effective intervention strategies. This study aims to assess the knowledge and awareness of CMs amongst pregnant women in India and identify factors influencing their understanding of risk factors and preventive measures. Materials and Methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted amongst 151 pregnant women attending antenatal clinics. Data was collected using a structured questionnaire covering sociodemographic details, knowledge of CMs, risk factors and preventive strategies. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS v25, employing descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation and multivariate regression analysis. Results: Most participants (64.2%) were aged 26–35, and 52.7% had completed high school. Overall, 89.4% demonstrated a moderate level of knowledge about CMs. While most participants (92.1%) recognised alcohol consumption as a risk factor, misconceptions persisted, with 65.6% believing supernatural forces could cause congenital disabilities. Higher education levels and antenatal care attendance were significantly correlated with better knowledge of CMs and their prevention. Conclusion: Despite moderate awareness, knowledge gaps and cultural misconceptions remain prevalent. Strengthening educational interventions, promoting antenatal counseling and addressing misinformation can enhance maternal understanding of CMs, ultimately reducing neonatal morbidity and mortality in India.