A Comprehensive Overview of Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) Experimental Models

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a multifaceted medical condition caused by trauma or disease, leading to sensory, motor, and autonomic dysfunction. The complex pathophysiology of SCI and the difficulties in developing effective treatments have driven the need for diverse experimental models that replicate various aspects of the injury observed in humans. These models are categorized into in vivo (animal), ex vivo, and in vitro (cellular) systems, each offering unique advantages tailored to specific research goals while also presenting inherent limitations. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of these experimental models, emphasizing their critical role in advancing the understanding of SCI mechanisms and facilitating the development of effective therapeutic strategies.