BIOLOGICAL, PSYCHOLOGICAL, AND SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF DEPRESSION: A META-ANALYSIS

Depression is a multidetermined mental health disorder that occurs worldwide and is characterized by onset and the course of the disease by a combination of biological factors, as well as psychosocial and environmental factors. Recent research published from 2014 to 2025 on these three dimensions has been synthesized in this meta-analysis. The onset and persistence of depression are a function of biological determinants including genetic predispositions, neurochemical imbalances, and hormonal fluctuations. Depressive symptoms also largely depend on psychological factors of negative cognitive pattern, emotional regulation and psychological resilience. In addition, the risk and severity of depression is further exacerbated by social determinants (socioeconomic status, social support, life events, and gender) as well. This meta analysis explores the complex interplay of these factors in influencing depression though a systematic literature review of the numerous peer reviewed studies found on PubMed, PsycINFO, and Embase databases. Random effects models were used to perform statistical analysis and there is robust evidence that supports the biopsychosocial framework in explaining depression. The findings highlight the need to address these determinants in a population-based way in both clinical and public health settings. This work emphasizes the lack of a comprehensive treatment and prevention program for depression, and clearly drives the future towards more personalized, more successful interventions for at risk individuals.