Personal laws as law or law in force: An unfinished debate on secularism and article 13

The interplay involving personal laws and the Indian Constitution's dedication to secularism constitutes an ongoing jurisprudential controversy. Article 13 of the Indian Constitution, which nullifies pre-constitutional regulations that conflict with Fundamental Rights, establishes an essential basis for assessing the constitutionality of personal laws. Nonetheless, the classification of personal laws, which are typically derived from religious scriptures and customs, as