Study on the correlation between abnormal bone metabolism and cognitive impairment in type 2 diabetes mellitus

T2DM, osteoporosis, and cognitive impairment form pathological connections through metabolic disorders, chronic inflammation, and bidirectional regulatory networks of the "bone-brain axis," with osteocalcin serving as a key mediator that maintains bone remodeling balance while also exerting cross-domain regulation over central insulin signaling and synaptic plasticity. Understanding these interactive mechanisms provides a basis for developing combined screening models integrating bone density and cognitive assessments, and promotes multidisciplinary collaborative interventions across endocrinology, orthopedics, and neurology to improve overall outcomes for T2DM patients.