AN OVERVIEW OF COPD: ITS ADVANCED THERAPEUTIC MANAGEMENT AND CHALLENGES FOR DRUG RELEASE AT THE TARGETED SITE

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disorder (COPD) is a diverse lung ailment characterized by persistent respiratory symptoms such as coughing, dyspnea, sputum formation, and worsening that causes increased airflow limitation. Globally, COPD ranks third in 2019 and is responsible for 3.23 million deaths. It is a health problem that is brought on by inflammation in the lungs. The respiratory system comprises the trachea, bronchi, larynx, paranasal sinuses, and two lungs. COPD and other Respiratory Disorders (RDs) have dominated research. This review emphasizes the potential of novel treatment strategies for COPD, highlighting advanced therapeutic approaches. It addresses the ongoing challenges associated with the effective delivery of pharmaceuticals to targeted sites while aiming to achieve optimal therapeutic outcomes with reduced dosages. The Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) Report 2024 categorizes COPD treatments into pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions. Pharmacological therapies aim to alleviate symptoms, enhance exercise tolerance, reduce exacerbations, and improve health outcomes. These include antibiotics, Long-Acting Beta-Agonist (LABA), Short-Acting Beta-Agonist (SABA), Long-Acting Muscarinic-Antagonists (LAMA), Short-Acting Muscarinic-Antagonists (SAMA), Inhaled Corticosteroids (ICS), and bronchodilators in various formulations. The report also reviews inhaler types and highlights the role of nanoscale drug delivery systems in detecting drug particle deposition in the respiratory tract, along with the characterization and classification of Nanoparticles (NPs) in nanomedicine. In conclusion, contemporary nanoparticles enhance biodistribution, optimize pharmacokinetics, and promote physiological stimulation. They also reduce toxicity and increase the therapeutic index, thereby facilitating the transformation of medication administration for chronic respiratory disorders.