Systematic Review of Student Engagement Instruments in Higher Education: Evaluating Reliability, Applicability, and Comprehensive Coverage Across Diverse Factors

Numerous student engagement instruments have been introduced in higher education (Heilporn et al., 2024), yet selecting an instrument that effectively addresses the key areas of student engagement, including behavior, cognitive, emotions, social interactions, and active participation remains a challenge. This paper aims to examine the recent research on student engagement instruments in higher education, identifying