Critical infrastructure as a target for hybrid operations. Case studies of attacks against the facilities and systems of CI

The article presents an analysis of critical infrastructure (CI) as a target for attack in hybrid operations, which combine various forms of action – from conventional to terrorist. The authors identify the reasons for attacking CI. The considerations are based on Warden’s 5 rings theory. The article discusses Operation Allied Force, disinformation campaigns prior to the synchronisation of the Baltic states’ energy networks, and the attack on the Colonial Pipeline. The authors conduct a comparative analysis of solutions for building CI resilience derived from the CER and NIS 2 Directives of the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union.