Photometric Objects Around Cosmic Webs (PAC). VII. Disentangling Mass and Environment Quenching with the Aid of Galaxy–Halo Connection in Simulations

Abstract Star formation quenching in galaxies plays a crucial role in galaxy evolution and is believed to be driven primarily by galaxy mass and environment. However, disentangling these effects is difficult because galaxy mass and environment are strongly correlated. In Paper V, we addressed this challenge using the Photometric Objects Around Cosmic Webs method, which integrates spectroscopic and deep photometric surveys. This approach enabled us to measure the excess surface density <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mover accent="true"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>¯</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:mover> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>w</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">p</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>r</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">p</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> </mml:math> of blue and red galaxies surrounding massive central galaxies down to 10 9.0 M ⊙ . Despite this, fully separating mass and environmental effects remains challenging due to the difficulty in identifying a complete sample of low-mass central galaxies in redshift space. To overcome this, we derive the average quenched fraction of central galaxies, <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mover accent="true"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>f</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>¯</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:mover> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">q</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">cen</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msubsup> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>M</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>*</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> </mml:math> , by combining the reconstructed 3D quenched fraction distribution <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>f</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">q</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">sat</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msubsup> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>r</mml:mi> <mml:mo>;</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>M</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>*</mml:mo> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">cen</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>M</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>*</mml:mo> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">sat</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> </mml:math> , the stellar mass-halo mass relation in simulations, and the observed total quenched fraction, <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mover accent="true"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>f</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>¯</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:mover> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">q</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">all</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msubsup> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>M</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>*</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> </mml:math> . With <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mover accent="true"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>f</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>¯</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:mover> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">q</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">cen</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msubsup> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>M</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>*</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> </mml:math> , <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>f</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">q</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">sat</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <

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Publication Details

Journal
The Astrophysical Journal
Published
2025-05-09
DOI
https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/adc39a
Citations
2
Primary Topic
Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena
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article
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article

Photometric Objects Around Cosmic Webs (PAC). VII. Disentangling Mass and Environment Quenching with the Aid of Galaxy–Halo Connection in Simulations

Xiaolin Luo, Kun Xu, Ming Li, Hongyu Gao et al.
2 citations
The Astrophysical Journal
Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena
2.31
article

Photometric Objects Around Cosmic Webs (PAC). VII. Disentangling Mass and Environment Quenching with the Aid of Galaxy–Halo Connection in Simulations

Xiaolin Luo, Kun Xu, Ming Li, Hongyu Gao, Yun Zheng, Yipeng Jing, Donghai Zhao
article en
2 citations

Abstract

Abstract Star formation quenching in galaxies plays a crucial role in galaxy evolution and is believed to be driven primarily by galaxy mass and environment. However, disentangling these effects is difficult because galaxy mass and environment are strongly correlated. In Paper V, we addressed this challenge using the Photometric Objects Around Cosmic Webs method, which integrates spectroscopic and deep photometric surveys. This approach enabled us to measure the excess surface density <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mover accent="true"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>¯</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:mover> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>w</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">p</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>r</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">p</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> </mml:math> of blue and red galaxies surrounding massive central galaxies down to 10 9.0 M ⊙ . Despite this, fully separating mass and environmental effects remains challenging due to the difficulty in identifying a complete sample of low-mass central galaxies in redshift space. To overcome this, we derive the average quenched fraction of central galaxies, <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mover accent="true"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>f</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>¯</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:mover> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">q</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">cen</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msubsup> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>M</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>*</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> </mml:math> , by combining the reconstructed 3D quenched fraction distribution <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>f</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">q</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">sat</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msubsup> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>r</mml:mi> <mml:mo>;</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>M</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>*</mml:mo> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">cen</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>M</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>*</mml:mo> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">sat</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> </mml:math> , the stellar mass-halo mass relation in simulations, and the observed total quenched fraction, <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mover accent="true"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>f</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>¯</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:mover> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">q</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">all</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msubsup> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>M</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>*</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> </mml:math> . With <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mover accent="true"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>f</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>¯</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:mover> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">q</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">cen</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msubsup> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>M</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>*</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> </mml:math> , <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>f</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">q</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">sat</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <

The Astrophysical JournalVol. 984(2)
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Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena
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