Critical infrastructure as a target of hybrid and conventional attacks. Lessons from the Ukrainian experience

The author discusses the issue of attacks on Ukraine’s critical infrastructure, undertaken both during hybrid operations (since 2014) and during a full-scale Russian invasion (since 2022). Based on the available information, he analyses the operations against Ukraine’s energy infrastructure. He points out that attacks conducted by Russian forces may also reach the territory of the European Union. He also presents preliminary conclusions on both the resilience and defence of critical infrastructure.