Polish individual restrictive measures applied to economic entities in the context of the war in Ukraine and the situation in Russia and Belarus

Poland, like several other European Union countries, adopted restrictive measures in response to the Russian Federation’s aggression against Ukraine in 2022, as well as serious human rights violations against civil society and the democratic opposition in Russia and Belarus. The aim of this article is to characterise the economic entities subject to the restrictive measures applied in Poland. The type of activities carried out by these entities, the countries of their registration and their links with Russia or Belarus were taken into account as reasons for freezing their activities on the basis of the Polish sanctions list and the administrative decisions by which the list was entered. As an example, the authors analysed the case of an economic entity listed on the sanctions list, taking into account both the rationale for its inclusion and the established scope of restrictive measures, as well as additional legal mechanisms implemented to minimise the negative effects of these measures. The case analysis allowed for answering the question of the legitimacy of introducing individual restrictive measures at the national level and whether the application of such measures can impact the security of energy resource supplies, the functioning of transmission infrastructure, and critical infrastructure.