Cyber threats as hybrid activity against the European Union in light of the current geopolitical situation

The article presents analysis of cyber threats as a manifestation of the hybrid threats facing Europe. The author analysed reports from European Union and NATO countries in terms of how the identified threats are presented by intelligence services, governments and national CERTs (Computer Emergency Response Teams) and CSIRTs (Computer Security Incident Response Teams). She also discussed the categorisation of cyber threats based on their source of origin and their purpose, including state-sponsored, hacktivist and cybercriminal groups. She pointed to the increasing frequency of cyber attacks, especially those conducted from Russia and China, and discussed their impact on the critical infrastructure and political stability of states. She presented the changing landscape of cyber threats in Europe, gave examples of cyber attacks and described the methods of reporting these incidents adopted in Denmark, Germany, Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia and Poland.