Phytochemical analysis of fruits and leaves of Psidium guajava L.

The guava plant (Psidium guajava L.), widely known for its nutritional and medicinal properties, is a rich source of bioactive compounds such as alkaloids, saponins, phenolic compounds, and terpenoids. This study aimed to investigate the presence and concentration of these phytochemicals in guava fruits and leaves using different extraction solvents: ethanol, methanol, acetone, and aqueous. Phytochemical analysis revealed that alkaloids were present in both fruits and leaves across all extracts, with the highest concentration found in ethanol extracts, followed by methanol. Saponins were detected in all extracts, with aqueous extracts showing the highest concentration. Phenolic compounds were most abundant in ethanol and methanol extracts, while acetone extracts exhibited moderate levels, and aqueous extracts contained the least. Terpenoids were present in all extracts, with the highest concentration found in acetone extracts, followed by ethanol and methanol, and the lowest in aqueous extracts. These findings suggest that guava, depending on the extraction method, can serve as a potent source of various bioactive compounds. Ethanol was particularly effective in extracting alkaloids and phenolic compounds, while aqueous extraction was optimal for saponins, and acetone was most efficient for terpenoids. The diverse phytochemical profile of guava underscores its potential for use in nutraceuticals, pharmaceuticals, and as a natural antioxidant source. Further research is warranted to explore the specific biological activities of these compounds and their potential health benefits.