Comparative Assessment of Heavy Metals in Well and Borehole Water in Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria

Groundwater sources such as wells and boreholes serve as primary drinking water supplies in many communities especially in developing countries like Nigeria. However, the presence of heavy metals in these sources poses potential health risks. This study evaluates and compares the concentrations of iron (Fe), chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd), and manganese (Mn) in well and borehole water samples collected from five locations each in Shagari Village, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria. Water samples were analyzed in the laboratory to determine their heavy metal concentrations. Results showed that Fe levels are higher in well water (0.134–0.163 ppm) compared to borehole water (0.078–0.110 ppm). Chromium concentrations are higher (0.063–0.080 ppm) in borehole water than in well water (0.023–0.030 ppm), with some borehole samples exceeding the WHO limit of 0.05 ppm. Cadmium levels varied slightly, with well water ranging from 0.004–0.009 ppm and borehole water from 0.006–0.010 ppm. Manganese concentrations were similar in both sources, with slight variations. The findings suggest that well water may have higher Fe concentrations due to soil leaching, while borehole water exhibits higher Cr levels, possibly due to geological formations. Continuous monitoring and appropriate treatment methods are recommended to ensure water safety.