Non-topological soliton Bardeen boson stars and their frozen states

Abstract We investigate a Bardeen model coupling Einstein gravity with nonlinear electromagnetic fields and non-topological soliton complex scalar fields, governed by the magnetic charge $$\tilde{q}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mover> <mml:mi>q</mml:mi> <mml:mo>~</mml:mo> </mml:mover> </mml:math> , the complex scalar field frequency $$\tilde{\omega }$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mover> <mml:mi>ω</mml:mi> <mml:mo>~</mml:mo> </mml:mover> </mml:math> , and the self-interaction parameter $$\tilde{\eta }$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mover> <mml:mi>η</mml:mi> <mml:mo>~</mml:mo> </mml:mover> </mml:math> . Our results reveal that the magnetic charge $$\tilde{q}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mover> <mml:mi>q</mml:mi> <mml:mo>~</mml:mo> </mml:mover> </mml:math> exhibits $$\tilde{\eta }$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mover> <mml:mi>η</mml:mi> <mml:mo>~</mml:mo> </mml:mover> </mml:math> -dependent critical values $$\tilde{q}_c$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mover> <mml:mi>q</mml:mi> <mml:mo>~</mml:mo> </mml:mover> <mml:mi>c</mml:mi> </mml:msub> </mml:math> , beyond which ( $$\tilde{q} &gt; \tilde{q}_c$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mover> <mml:mi>q</mml:mi> <mml:mo>~</mml:mo> </mml:mover> <mml:mo>&gt;</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mover> <mml:mi>q</mml:mi> <mml:mo>~</mml:mo> </mml:mover> <mml:mi>c</mml:mi> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> ) Bardeen boson stars (BBSs) may transition into frozen states ( $$\tilde{\omega } \rightarrow 0$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mover> <mml:mi>ω</mml:mi> <mml:mo>~</mml:mo> </mml:mover> <mml:mo>→</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> ). These frozen states are characterized by a critical horizon whose radius $$\tilde{r}^\textrm{H}_{c}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mover> <mml:mi>r</mml:mi> <mml:mo>~</mml:mo> </mml:mover> <mml:mi>c</mml:mi> <mml:mtext>H</mml:mtext> </mml:msubsup> </mml:math> satisfies $$\tilde{r}_{\text {inner}}^{\text {H,RN}}&lt; \tilde{r}_{c} &lt; \tilde{r}_{\text {outer}}^{\text {H,RN}}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mover> <mml:mi>r</mml:mi> <mml:mo>~</mml:mo> </mml:mover> <mml:mrow> <mml:mtext>inner</mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> <mml:mtext>H,RN</mml:mtext> </mml:msubsup> <mml:mo>&lt;</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mover> <mml:mi>r</mml:mi> <mml:mo>~</mml:mo> </mml:mover> <mml:mi>c</mml:mi> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>&lt;</mml:mo> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mover> <mml:mi>r</mml:mi> <mml:mo>~</mml:mo> </mml:mover> <mml:mrow> <mml:mtext>outer</mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> <mml:mtext>H,RN</mml:mtext> </mml:msubsup> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> , where $$\tilde{r}_{\text {inner}}^{\text {H,RN}}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mover> <mml:mi>r</mml:mi> <mml:mo>~</mml:mo> </mml:mover> <mml:mrow> <mml:mtext>inner</mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> <mml:mtext>H,RN</mml:mtext> </mml:msubsup> </mml:math> and $$\tilde{r}_{\text {outer}}^{\text {RN}}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mover> <mml:mi>r</mml:mi> <mml:mo>~</mml:mo> </mml:mover> <mml:mrow> <mml:mtext>outer</mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> <mml:mtext>RN</mml:mtext> </mml:msubsup> </mml:math> denote the inner and outer horizons of magnetic Reissner–Nordström (RN) black holes with equivalent mass and magnetic charge. Notably, the ADM mass of frozen BBSs is independent of $$\tilde{\eta }$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mover> <mml:mi>η</mml:mi> <mml:mo>~</mml:mo> </mml:mover> </mml:math> . Furthermore, light ring (LR) solutions exist universally across all tested combinations of $$\tilde{q}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mover> <mml:mi>q</mml:mi> <mml:mo>~</mml:mo> </mml:mover> </mml:math> and $$\tilde{\eta }$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mover> <mml:mi>η</mml:mi> <mml:mo>~</mml:mo> </mml:mover> </mml:math> , with all frozen BBSs exhibiting LRs whose outer radius $$\tilde{r}_{\text {outer}}^{\text {LR}}$$ <mm

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Journal
The European Physical Journal C
Published
2025-05-09
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-025-14228-4
Citations
2
Primary Topic
Pulsars and Gravitational Waves Research
Type
article
Field-Weighted Citation Impact
2.31

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article

Non-topological soliton Bardeen boson stars and their frozen states

Shu-Cong Liu, Zhen‐Hua Zhao, L. Q. Huang, Yong‐Qiang Wang et al.
2 citations
The European Physical Journal C
Pulsars and Gravitational Waves Research
2.31
article

Non-topological soliton Bardeen boson stars and their frozen states

Shu-Cong Liu, Zhen‐Hua Zhao, L. Q. Huang, Yong‐Qiang Wang, Y. T. Gu
article en
2 citations

Abstract

Abstract We investigate a Bardeen model coupling Einstein gravity with nonlinear electromagnetic fields and non-topological soliton complex scalar fields, governed by the magnetic charge $$\tilde{q}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mover> <mml:mi>q</mml:mi> <mml:mo>~</mml:mo> </mml:mover> </mml:math> , the complex scalar field frequency $$\tilde{\omega }$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mover> <mml:mi>ω</mml:mi> <mml:mo>~</mml:mo> </mml:mover> </mml:math> , and the self-interaction parameter $$\tilde{\eta }$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mover> <mml:mi>η</mml:mi> <mml:mo>~</mml:mo> </mml:mover> </mml:math> . Our results reveal that the magnetic charge $$\tilde{q}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mover> <mml:mi>q</mml:mi> <mml:mo>~</mml:mo> </mml:mover> </mml:math> exhibits $$\tilde{\eta }$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mover> <mml:mi>η</mml:mi> <mml:mo>~</mml:mo> </mml:mover> </mml:math> -dependent critical values $$\tilde{q}_c$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mover> <mml:mi>q</mml:mi> <mml:mo>~</mml:mo> </mml:mover> <mml:mi>c</mml:mi> </mml:msub> </mml:math> , beyond which ( $$\tilde{q} &gt; \tilde{q}_c$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mover> <mml:mi>q</mml:mi> <mml:mo>~</mml:mo> </mml:mover> <mml:mo>&gt;</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mover> <mml:mi>q</mml:mi> <mml:mo>~</mml:mo> </mml:mover> <mml:mi>c</mml:mi> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> ) Bardeen boson stars (BBSs) may transition into frozen states ( $$\tilde{\omega } \rightarrow 0$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mover> <mml:mi>ω</mml:mi> <mml:mo>~</mml:mo> </mml:mover> <mml:mo>→</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> ). These frozen states are characterized by a critical horizon whose radius $$\tilde{r}^\textrm{H}_{c}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mover> <mml:mi>r</mml:mi> <mml:mo>~</mml:mo> </mml:mover> <mml:mi>c</mml:mi> <mml:mtext>H</mml:mtext> </mml:msubsup> </mml:math> satisfies $$\tilde{r}_{\text {inner}}^{\text {H,RN}}&lt; \tilde{r}_{c} &lt; \tilde{r}_{\text {outer}}^{\text {H,RN}}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mover> <mml:mi>r</mml:mi> <mml:mo>~</mml:mo> </mml:mover> <mml:mrow> <mml:mtext>inner</mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> <mml:mtext>H,RN</mml:mtext> </mml:msubsup> <mml:mo>&lt;</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mover> <mml:mi>r</mml:mi> <mml:mo>~</mml:mo> </mml:mover> <mml:mi>c</mml:mi> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>&lt;</mml:mo> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mover> <mml:mi>r</mml:mi> <mml:mo>~</mml:mo> </mml:mover> <mml:mrow> <mml:mtext>outer</mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> <mml:mtext>H,RN</mml:mtext> </mml:msubsup> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> , where $$\tilde{r}_{\text {inner}}^{\text {H,RN}}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mover> <mml:mi>r</mml:mi> <mml:mo>~</mml:mo> </mml:mover> <mml:mrow> <mml:mtext>inner</mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> <mml:mtext>H,RN</mml:mtext> </mml:msubsup> </mml:math> and $$\tilde{r}_{\text {outer}}^{\text {RN}}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mover> <mml:mi>r</mml:mi> <mml:mo>~</mml:mo> </mml:mover> <mml:mrow> <mml:mtext>outer</mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> <mml:mtext>RN</mml:mtext> </mml:msubsup> </mml:math> denote the inner and outer horizons of magnetic Reissner–Nordström (RN) black holes with equivalent mass and magnetic charge. Notably, the ADM mass of frozen BBSs is independent of $$\tilde{\eta }$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mover> <mml:mi>η</mml:mi> <mml:mo>~</mml:mo> </mml:mover> </mml:math> . Furthermore, light ring (LR) solutions exist universally across all tested combinations of $$\tilde{q}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mover> <mml:mi>q</mml:mi> <mml:mo>~</mml:mo> </mml:mover> </mml:math> and $$\tilde{\eta }$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mover> <mml:mi>η</mml:mi> <mml:mo>~</mml:mo> </mml:mover> </mml:math> , with all frozen BBSs exhibiting LRs whose outer radius $$\tilde{r}_{\text {outer}}^{\text {LR}}$$ <mm

The European Physical Journal CVol. 85(5)
Lanzhou University (CN), Shandong University of Science and Technology (CN)
National Natural Science Foundation of China, National Key Research and Development Program of China
Openalex Percentile: Top 12%
Pulsars and Gravitational Waves Research
2.31
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