Non-topological soliton Bardeen boson stars and their frozen states
Abstract We investigate a Bardeen model coupling Einstein gravity with nonlinear electromagnetic fields and non-topological soliton complex scalar fields, governed by the magnetic charge $$\tilde{q}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mover> <mml:mi>q</mml:mi> <mml:mo>~</mml:mo> </mml:mover> </mml:math> , the complex scalar field frequency $$\tilde{\omega }$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mover> <mml:mi>ω</mml:mi> <mml:mo>~</mml:mo> </mml:mover> </mml:math> , and the self-interaction parameter $$\tilde{\eta }$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mover> <mml:mi>η</mml:mi> <mml:mo>~</mml:mo> </mml:mover> </mml:math> . Our results reveal that the magnetic charge $$\tilde{q}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mover> <mml:mi>q</mml:mi> <mml:mo>~</mml:mo> </mml:mover> </mml:math> exhibits $$\tilde{\eta }$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mover> <mml:mi>η</mml:mi> <mml:mo>~</mml:mo> </mml:mover> </mml:math> -dependent critical values $$\tilde{q}_c$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mover> <mml:mi>q</mml:mi> <mml:mo>~</mml:mo> </mml:mover> <mml:mi>c</mml:mi> </mml:msub> </mml:math> , beyond which ( $$\tilde{q} > \tilde{q}_c$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mover> <mml:mi>q</mml:mi> <mml:mo>~</mml:mo> </mml:mover> <mml:mo>></mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mover> <mml:mi>q</mml:mi> <mml:mo>~</mml:mo> </mml:mover> <mml:mi>c</mml:mi> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> ) Bardeen boson stars (BBSs) may transition into frozen states ( $$\tilde{\omega } \rightarrow 0$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mover> <mml:mi>ω</mml:mi> <mml:mo>~</mml:mo> </mml:mover> <mml:mo>→</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> ). These frozen states are characterized by a critical horizon whose radius $$\tilde{r}^\textrm{H}_{c}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mover> <mml:mi>r</mml:mi> <mml:mo>~</mml:mo> </mml:mover> <mml:mi>c</mml:mi> <mml:mtext>H</mml:mtext> </mml:msubsup> </mml:math> satisfies $$\tilde{r}_{\text {inner}}^{\text {H,RN}}< \tilde{r}_{c} < \tilde{r}_{\text {outer}}^{\text {H,RN}}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mover> <mml:mi>r</mml:mi> <mml:mo>~</mml:mo> </mml:mover> <mml:mrow> <mml:mtext>inner</mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> <mml:mtext>H,RN</mml:mtext> </mml:msubsup> <mml:mo><</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mover> <mml:mi>r</mml:mi> <mml:mo>~</mml:mo> </mml:mover> <mml:mi>c</mml:mi> </mml:msub> <mml:mo><</mml:mo> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mover> <mml:mi>r</mml:mi> <mml:mo>~</mml:mo> </mml:mover> <mml:mrow> <mml:mtext>outer</mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> <mml:mtext>H,RN</mml:mtext> </mml:msubsup> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> , where $$\tilde{r}_{\text {inner}}^{\text {H,RN}}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mover> <mml:mi>r</mml:mi> <mml:mo>~</mml:mo> </mml:mover> <mml:mrow> <mml:mtext>inner</mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> <mml:mtext>H,RN</mml:mtext> </mml:msubsup> </mml:math> and $$\tilde{r}_{\text {outer}}^{\text {RN}}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mover> <mml:mi>r</mml:mi> <mml:mo>~</mml:mo> </mml:mover> <mml:mrow> <mml:mtext>outer</mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> <mml:mtext>RN</mml:mtext> </mml:msubsup> </mml:math> denote the inner and outer horizons of magnetic Reissner–Nordström (RN) black holes with equivalent mass and magnetic charge. Notably, the ADM mass of frozen BBSs is independent of $$\tilde{\eta }$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mover> <mml:mi>η</mml:mi> <mml:mo>~</mml:mo> </mml:mover> </mml:math> . Furthermore, light ring (LR) solutions exist universally across all tested combinations of $$\tilde{q}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mover> <mml:mi>q</mml:mi> <mml:mo>~</mml:mo> </mml:mover> </mml:math> and $$\tilde{\eta }$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mover> <mml:mi>η</mml:mi> <mml:mo>~</mml:mo> </mml:mover> </mml:math> , with all frozen BBSs exhibiting LRs whose outer radius $$\tilde{r}_{\text {outer}}^{\text {LR}}$$ <mm
Authors
- Shu-Cong Liu
- Zhen‐Hua Zhao (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6515-4658)
- L. Q. Huang (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0007-8732-7063)
- Yong‐Qiang Wang (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0935-5671)
- Y. T. Gu (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0006-8853-8797)
Institutions
- Lanzhou University (CN)
- Shandong University of Science and Technology (CN)
Publication Details
- Journal
- The European Physical Journal C
- Published
- 2025-05-09
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-025-14228-4
- Citations
- 2
- Primary Topic
- Pulsars and Gravitational Waves Research
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 2.31
Funders
- National Natural Science Foundation of China
- National Key Research and Development Program of China