Utilization of Artificially Cemented Sand for Porous Pavement Applications and Analysis of Runoff Control

This study investigates the effects of curing period (0, 4, 7, and 28 days), density (1.6 and 1.8 g/cm³), and cement content (1%, 3%, 6%, and 10%) on the behavior of cemented sand. Unconfined compressive strength (UCS) tests assessed strength, while permeability was evaluated through constant head tests. Additionally, ultra-pulse velocity (UPV) testing was used to assess shear modulus (G0) as a nondestructive evaluation method. The findings demonstrate that increasing the cement content and extending the curing duration enhance both strength and shear modulus while reducing permeability. Specifically, a cement content of 10% and a curing period of 28 days result in a significant improvement, with UCS reaching 2.7 MPa and G0 attaining 1.2 MPa. Higher density also enhances strength and G0 but lowers permeability. Hydrological modeling of stormwater systems reveals that increasing cement content elevates surface runoff volume and shifts the soil Curve Number from 61 to 89 (for 1% and 10% cement at 1.8 g/cm³ density, respectively), indicating reduced infiltration capacity and increased runoff potential. Statistical analysis confirmed significant relationships between cement content, curing time, density, and the resulting strength and permeability, with p-values below 5%, indicating strong statistical significance. For urban stormwater systems requiring permeability-strength equilibrium, the 1.8 g/cm3 density, 6% cement, and 7-day curing mix is recommended to support groundwater recharge while maintaining pavement durability.